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Pea gravel, which is naturally consolidated, does not require compaction and can be screeded to a smooth, level surface much like concrete. Gravel footings are constructed of crushed stone or gravel that is consolidated by tamping or vibrating. It also provides a continuous path for water or moisture and thus must be drained in accordance with the foundation drainage provisions of the national building codes. Much like a concrete footing, a gravel footing may be used to distribute foundation loads to a sufficient soil-bearing surface area. For situations where the rules of thumb or prescriptive code tables do not apply or where a more economical solution is possible, a more detailed footing analysis may be considered. 4 bars for wall footings, steel reinforcement is not required for residential-scale structures in typical soil conditions. Even though some designers and builders may specify one or two longitudinal No.
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It should also be understood that footing widths generally follow the width increments of standard excavation equipment (a backhoe bucket size of 12, 16 or 24 inches). The footing width should project a minimum of 2 inches from both faces of the wall (to allow for a minimum construction tolerance), but not greater than the footing thickness. The minimum footing thickness should not be less than the distance the footing extends outward from the edge of the foundation wall, or 6 inches, whichever is greater. The following are general rules of thumb for determining the thickness of plain concrete footings for residential structures, once the required bearing width is calculated: Alternatively, footing widths may be determined in accordance with Section 4.3 based on a site’s particular loading condition and presumptive soil-bearing capacity. Simple Gravel and Concrete Footing Designīuilding codes for residential construction contain tables that prescribe minimum footing widths for plain concrete footings (ICC, 1998). In contrast, special conditions give rise to some engineering concerns that need to be addressed to ensure the adequacy of any foundation design. However, concrete and gravel footings are both recognized in prescriptive footing size tables in residential building codes for most typical conditions. To provide adequate anchorage or mass (when needed in addition to the foundation wall) to resist potential uplift and overturning forces resulting from high winds or severe seismic events.īy far, the most common footing in residential construction is a continuous concrete spread footing.
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To place the building foundation at a sufficient depth to avoid frost heave or thaw weakening in frost-susceptible soils and to avoid organic surface soil layers and To provide adequate strength, in addition to the foundation wall, to prevent differential settlement of the building in weak or uncertain soil conditions To provide adequate transfer and distribution of building loads to the underlying soil To provide a level surface for construction of the foundation wall